E Commerce Is Fast Growing Market - 1132 Words

3. BACKGROUND: E-commerce is fast growing market where all customers’ behavior, satisfaction is 8/10 which is the best rating and shows how important is E-commerce [2]. Evaluating customer’s behaviors quantitatively is important and easy as E-commerce and F-commerce [1] are flaming topics these days by every and any third-party statistics and analysis firm because of the fast emerging market through adverts posted on social media [2], which draws social media users attention towards the adverts, this is one of the tactics of the E-commerce giant’s to grow their market and revenue. Social media is one powerful tool is known to humankind in the 21st century, which is used for both positive and negative use by the users, companies and etc. F-commerce [1] is one of the platforms provided by Facebook, which one of the biggest social media known to us. F-commerce which refers to buying and selling of goods or services through Facebook or Facebook directly through open graph. Facebook had 1.5 million business pages until March 2010, which was supported and built by the Facebook markup language (FBML). In March 2011, Facebook discarded FBML and adopted iframes which gave potential support to developers to gather more information about their Facebook visitors. This Step of adopting I-frames by the Facebook was groundbreaking to e-commerce market as it gave more option and huge potential to exploit this new change to increase e-commerce market. Where Facebook, amazon, and otherShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of Chinaa E-Commerce Industry1488 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of China’s E-Commerce Industry Introduction A little more than 10 years ago, China’s path to e-commerce leadership would have been difficult to foresee, even as the tech boom in the US and other markets saw the development of e-commerce as an important B2C and C2C channel. In 2000, China had yet to develop any e-commerce applications, and had only 2.1 million total internet users. Payment systems and physical delivery mechanisms to facilitate the development of e-commerce transactions wereRead MoreImpact Of E Commerce Of Fmcg Sector Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of E-commerce of FMCG Sector Grocery and FMCG sales together constitute approximately 62% of the Indian retail sales, both unorganized and organized (Modern retail and E-commerce) sectors combined. Organized retail in India is growing its share in India but modern trade has not taken off the way it should have because of various reasons very specific to India. Entire generation of Indian youth is thus directly leapfrogging to e-commerce from shopping in convenience ‘Mom Pop’ stores. ConsequentlyRead MoreAlibaba Case Study737 Words   |  3 PagesAlibaba: The World’s Largest E-tailer Is Not Amazon 1. As a digital retailer, how does Alibaba provide value to Chinese consumers? What sets of values are unique to the Chinese market? The way Alibaba provide value to the customer is and makes unique are first, the Alibaba group is an internet company and it creates an easy platform for people to purchase or sells everything in the world. Alibaba, it is the differences then other online company such as, Amazons, eBay, Google, Walmart, Costco, andRead MoreE Commerce And The Electronic Shopping Industry1108 Words   |  5 Pageswebsite. Attractive characteristics of the electronic shopping industry: E-Commerce in Canada is a billion dollar industry The electronic shopping industry is developing with great interest due to technological advances as business develop new ways to attract and retain consumers on their platforms E-Commerce is concentrated in electronic shopping and mail-order houses as over three quarters of e-commerce sales (Retail e-commerce sales by store type in 2012 from Statistic Canada) In the graph aboveRead MoreIntroduction.As One Of The Largest Online Shopping Websites1133 Words   |  5 PagesCloud Drive, Kindle E-Readers, Fire tablets, Fire TV and Fire Phone. With their diverse selection options, it’s easy for customers to search for a product and place orders. Another benefit allows Amazon.com to send out personalized recommendations based on your past purchases. Amazon.com has attracted millions of people around the world in many countries. Amazon.com was founded in 1995 by Jeff Bezos and is based out of Seattle, Washington. Industry Analysis Electronic commerce, commonly referredRead MoreE Commerce : A New Model1460 Words   |  6 Pagesare experimenting with downloadable games, and electronic currency such as Bitcoin are growing in popularity. In this increasingly electronic world, digital will eventually become more abundant, and just as society progresses, so must businesses adapt a new model: e-commerce. E-commerce has been around since the advent of the Internet, and many consumers acknowledge the convenience e-commerce provides. E-commerce is a great model for not only current Internet shopping, but also the future economy whereRead MoreE Commerce : Is The Best Hosting Service You Would Recommend For An Ecommerce?1489 Words   |  6 Pages Which Is The Best Hosting Service You Would Recommend For An Ecommerce? Over years, the e-commerce segment of web hosting industry has grown by leaps and bounds. The growing number of businesses that have come to realize the high potential in selling products along with services online is the only reason. With the support of a consistent infrastructure, e-commerce hosting may easily enable you to showcase your catalog to the world in an effective manner hence boosting your bottom line in the wholeRead MoreElectronic Commerce and Page Load Speed1631 Words   |  7 PagesSingh Choudhary The e-Commerce market in India has enjoyed phenomenal growth of almost 50% in the last five years. Although the trend of e-Commerce has been making rounds in India for 15 years, the appropriate ecosystem has now started to fall in place. The considerable rise in the number of internet users, growing acceptability of online payments, the more number of internet-enabled devices and favorable circumstances are the key factors driving the growth story of e-Commerce in the country. TheRead MoreOverview of Electronic Commerce in China Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pages3.2 Overview of Electronic Commerce in China 3.2.1 Internet in China In September 1987, the Chinese Academic Network built the first domestic Internet e-mail node and sent out the first e-mail from China. The universities were the first Chinese institutions to connect to the Internet. In 1990, a number of Chinese universities and educational institute including the Ministry of Education were connected. But substantial growth of Internet was not occurred until year 1994, when the National ComputingRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Internet1696 Words   |  7 Pagesstuff without physically go to store to purchase. This magical advancement help us to buy products that we want within short amount of time as well as enable to access to thousands of stores. In the proper business term, this form of business called e-commerce. Today, there are countless emerging successful ecommerce companies all around the world, but one that I closely explored and researched on is the Alibaba, which is the largest ecommerce company in China, and arguably one of the emerging c ompany

Mass Media s Influence On Society - 962 Words

Over the years mass media has become more available and favored by society through avenues such as magazines, television, newspapers, print ads, internet, and including social media. According to U.S. Census Bureau (2007), individuals spend nearly a total of 3,518 hours of their time on mass media outlets. Mass media has become widely popular among individuals, in particularly young adults.73% of U.S adults aged 18–29, have been reported regularly visit at least one of these outlet, and 42% use more than one (Duggan Smith, 2013). Mass media has been an outlet for individuals in society to send and receive information. It has given individuals the ability to communicate and share news amongst each other. Henceforth, mass media outlets such as social media have allowed individuals within society the ability to interact with one another. In America, as people interest in media has grown so has individuals interest in their body image (Cash, 2004).Body image is extensively public ized in mass media (Cash, 2004). Researchers have questioned this phenomenon of the impact of social media on individual’s perceptual of body image. The purpose of this study is to examine mass media portrayal of body image which has influence individual beliefs and desires to be â€Å"thin† which has resulted in an unrealistic ideal societal body image. Media portrayal the standard for beauty Mass media has depicted slender body types as the standard for beauty (Grabe, Ward, Hyde, 2008). Constantly inShow MoreRelatedMass Media And Society s Influence On Society Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesPosition Statement Mass media and society have an influence on each other. One impacts the other just a tad bit more. They have a symbiotic relationship, where one cannot work successfully with each other in many different circumstances. Society has more influence over mass media, because of the idea for supply and demand. If the public does not demand service, then it would not be provided. Media does have a small impact on society, but society holds the key to how information is dispersed. IncludedRead MoreMass Media Influence On People s Ideas About Society936 Words   |  4 PagesJamilah Alfadhli ENG 110-01 November 13, 2015 Mass Media Influence in Shaping People’s Ideas about Society The most important goal for mass media is to make high revenues. To make this goal real and earn that money mass media maker or producer put effective working plans. These effective plans could be in all different kinds of any mass media. There are several effects of made mass media planning before it broadcasting a message to improve it economic. These effects are; effects of advertisingRead MoreThe Influences Of Mass Media On Society864 Words   |  4 PagesThe Influences of Mass Media on Society For the greater majority of the American society, the presence of mass media is a normal part of everyday lives. With the purpose of mass media being to educate, entertain and inform, the excessive violence, self imaging, and lack of full detail on world events, is having negative influences and unhealthy impacts on society. As early as the 1920s, a form of the media has been present in the American society. Although broadcasted content wasRead MoreWhy Is Medium Is The Massage Essay1528 Words   |  7 PagesWhy is Medium Message? Marshall McLuhan, a technological determinist, says in his book ‘Medium is the massage’ that the most widespread modern media influence how humans think, act and perceive the world around them. He states that the medium significantly influences the message that people will receive, and thus, the same message is perceived by the same individual in several ways if he receives them in a different way. The expression the medium is the message means that recipient receives messagesRead MoreMass Media and Popular Culture1367 Words   |  6 PagesHow has mass media a created a relationship among popular culture, mass media and different forms of dissemination? Mass media is any form of communication used to reach a large group of people. There are different types of media; examples of media are magazines, movies, television, books, recording devices, radio and the internet. As time goes on, new and improved technology is developed in the mass media industry for communicating a nd entertainment purposes. As mass media continues to grow andRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Our Society Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesInfluences of Media on our Society There is no doubt that the media influences us. To state some examples to prove this claim, try answering the questions that follow. Do you feel like attempting a stunt from a movie? Do you base your fashion on what you see the celebrities are wearing? Do you copy the hairstyle of your favorite famous personalities? Have you ever attempted to walk model-like in an attempt to imitate those ramp models in fashion shows? If you answered yes to any of these questionsRead MoreMass Society Theory Essay627 Words   |  3 PagesHistory of Mass Society Theory Comprised a vast workforce of people who lived isolated and unfulfilled lives. They were slaves to jobs, bosses and living in crowded urban settings . Their lives were consistent with Marx’s â€Å"alienated masses† Scholars blamed the media for the rise of fascism History of Mass Society Theory During the 1920’s, Hearst and Pulitzer changed their ways and became serious about reporting the news The American Society of Newspaper Editors formed and pledged toRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1269 Words   |  6 Pages The media is full of countless things, it has completely changed the world and is now a part of our everyday lives (Bookman, 64). With television, radio, newspapers, books, etc†¦ working their way into our everyday lives it is impossible to live without the media today. Along with it being persuasive, informational and a great source for entertainment it also has a large binding influence on societies all over the world. Media aspects are radically reshaping the world (Marina 240) and though someRead MoreTodays Unrealistic Body Expectations1311 Words   |  5 PagesModern society portrays good looking men to have broad shoulders, toned arms, six-pack abs, and a small waist while good looking women are viewed to have the characteristics of being slim and fit, having a small waist, lean hips, and perfect skin complexion. As a result, many people are affe cted by our own societys portrayals of good looking men and women that they feel pressured into doing whatever it takes and going through extreme measures, most of the time, spending countless hours in the gymRead MoreThe Impact Of Mass Media On Youth And Society1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Mass Media on the Youth and Society Nowadays, the issue of mass media has caused much debate in the modern society, as well as mass media is becoming more important as a component that negatively affects the behavior of young people. There are many other factors, such as micro-environment, economic instability, the decline of moral values affecting children and young people and encourage them to commit unlawful acts. However, unlimited access to the Internet, mobile phone use in the

Human Physiology Growth And Development †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Human Physiology In Growth And Development? Answer: Introduction Galactosemia patients cannot break down galactose and thus, resulting in unhealthy galactose levels which accumulate in the human body. Therefore, galactosemia mainly falls under metabolic disorder since the disease results from lack of proper galactose metabolization. Galactosemia influences around one out of 30,000 to one of every 60,000 infants worldwide and seems to stimulus females and guys similarly ( Adamkin, 2015 p.409). Indications of galactosemia may wind up plainly clear not long after birth. Babies with galactosemia may encounter heaving, liver disappointment, and bacterial contaminations. Extreme bacterial diseases might be deadly. A few babies with a milder type of galactosemia may create waterfalls or blurring of the focal point of the eye. Healthcare claims manifest and expand on the scientifically confirmed advantages which assist in consuming distinct food type. For instance, it is evident that consumption of low fats in a daily diet more the fiber reaches foodstuff s reduces risks of developing cancer-related diseases. The primary goal of nutrient claims and content is to emphasize on the specific nutrient relative amount and gives a prompt value communication. The value interactions mostly demarcate on fat-free, good fiber source and low calorie (Freeze, 2013 p. 6940). Genetic principle The galactosemia disorder can be passed down from one family member to another through autosomal recessive manner. Two copies of GALT gene is always possessed by everybody, one that is acquired from the mother and the other one from the father. Therefore, inheritance through autosomal recessive means that individual receives a copy of the GALT gene that is nonworking from the parents. Parents of the individual suffering from the disorder have a copy of one working and one nonworking GALT gene hence they are the carriers for galactosemia. Individual who are the carriers of a gene do not show the symptom of the disease. The newborn from the parents who are the carriers have 25% possibility of suffering from the galactosemia and a chance of 50% that the newborn will be a carrier for the disease (Coelho et al., 2015 p.427). Causes of Galactosemia Galactosemia is caused by the mutation of GALT, GALK and GALE genes. These are responsible for triggering instruction for enzymes responsible for processing galactose that is obtained mainly from the diet. Classic galactosemia occurs as a result of the mutation in the GALT gene. Genetic changes in the GALT gene always eliminate enzymes activities that are produced from the GALT gene. Therefore, such activities prevent the normal galactose processing thereby resulting in dangerous sign as well as symptoms of this disorder. Mutation of GALK1 gene result into galactosemia (type 11) while mutation of GALE leads to type 111 of galactosemia (Coelho et al., 2015 p.427). Symptoms of Galactosemia Difficulty in feeding, lethargy (lack of energy), inability to gain weight (failure to thrive), skin becoming yellow, white eyes as well as bleeding, speech difficulties, and cataract are the key physical symptoms of galactosemia. Comparison of Stages and Symptoms between Infants and Adults The symptoms of the diseases evident at different growth stages mainly manifested as shown in the table below The table above gives the possible long-term outcomes which one can business among patient units grouped based on the average age as per the diagnosis. In the analysis, the white bars represent defendants data for the classic galactosemia that were diagnosed largely before 14 days of life. On the other hand, the shaded bars signify data for the patients diagnosed after 14 days of life in line with classic galactosemia. Therefore, from the analysis above it is evident that classic galactosemia has variable symptoms based on the patient growth stage (Coelho et al., 2015 p.427). Prevention and Diagnosis It is important to note that there is no preventive mechanism for the galactosemia disease. However, there severe damages associated with the illness can be reduced through the removal of the galactose from the patient diet. Moreover, there are several diagnoses for the disease which include parental, differential as well as newborn screening. The diagnosis begins with the screening and testing of the blood and urine mostly in the infants to check the undetected and uncommon galactosemia in the body (Alam and Sood, 2016 p.1333). Dietary Recommendations The primary goal of nutrient claims and content is to emphasize on the specific nutrient relative amount and gives a prompt value communication. The value interactions mostly demarcate on fat-free, good fiber source and low calorie (Freeze, 2013 p. 6940). First and foremost, it is important to avoid consumption of the milk products since it is not recommendable for the patients who suffer from the disease. Recommended nutrition intake in the diet is highly encouraged, and these boost the patients conditions significantly. The nutrients which play a significant role in the diet include calcium, vitamin D, and other related nutrient compounds. Calcium gluconate plays a fundamental role in treating the disorder. Calcium assists in treating different illnesses which include hypocalcemic tetany, hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism and these conditions mainly result from pregnancy and rapid growth. Furthermore, the increase in the plasma and calcium levels can also be treated by calcium gl uconate. However, the treatment of the disease needs to be conducted under the strict supervision and in the presence of a qualified expert in the healthcare. Therefore, this study claims that calcium supplementation is not only meant for the galactosemia but also for other health-nutrient claims (Ezgu, 2016 p. 250). Furthermore, it is important to avoid all the related either hypersensitive or allergic to lactose. It is also necessary to avoid administering of doses through the mouth, as it may lead to kidney stone related diseases. In fact, it important to avoid taking the dose through the mouth since it will also lead to hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, hypercalciuria , bone tumors, ventricular fibrillation, digitalis toxicity, kidney stones, sarcoidosis and kidney disease. Scientific analysis has claimed that calcium supplements also increases unacceptable lead levels and these results from the utilization of dolomite, bone meal and oyster shells in the production of the prod ucts (Maratha et al., 2016 p. 984). Vitamin D is another important health-nutrient Claims which must be considered as far as the galactosemia. Lack of vitamin D has resulted to the bone mineral related as well as bone pain, osteomalacia, and muscle weakness. In essence, osteomalacia is a deficiency which manifested in elderly patients, people with problems relating to vitamin D absorption, aluminum-induced bone patients, chronic livers as well as renal osteodystrophy. The control of the disease mainly focuses on the underlying disease cause, and these include orthopedic surgical medication, vitamin D as well as phosphate binding proxies. In the instances in which there is Vitamin D deficiency, evaluated parathyroid and inadequate calcium absorption; there is increased bone resorption as a result of the emerging secretion. Increased secretion may lead to increased fracture risks and weaken of bones (Coelho et al., 2015 p.427). Therefore, vitamin D supplementation reduces the fracture and slow down instances of bone loss when administered with calcium. However, it is advisable to avoid administering vitamin D as well as its components if the patient has hypersensitive or is allergic. It is important to evaluate the amount of Vitamin D as over dose might lead to toxic effects. Notably, it is important to use vitamin D cautiously regarding the hyperparathyroidism, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, kidney disease and histoplasmosis. Also, vitamin D plays an essential role in breastfeeding and pregnant women, but it must be administered in recommended dosages (Tegtmeyer et al., 2014 p. 542). Additionally, it is important to avoid organic meats, which include- heart, pancreas, and liver as these compounds tend to affect patients immensely. Finally, soy products highly recommended for the victims of this disorder (Timson, 2016 p.141). Conclusion From the above evidence, a lot of vital information can be derived from the findings. The disease presents a big challenge both for the individual affected as well as the health workers. Being a hereditary nature of the disease, one of the greatest challenges is the effective treatment for the newborns. Additionally, The overview of the evidence demonstrates that screening of the newborn plays a fundamental role in helping to control the impacts that the disease pose to the newborn. Therefore, the government, stakeholders as well as health workers should come together to help reduce the death rates caused by the disease. References Adamkin, D.H., 2015. Metabolic screening and postnatal glucose homeostasis in the newborn.Pediatric Clinics of North America, finance, pp.385-409. Alam, S. and Sood, V., 2016. Metabolic liver disease: when to suspect and how to diagnose?.The Indian Journal of Pediatrics,83(11), pp.1321-1333. Coelho, A.I., Berry, G.T. and Rubio-Gozalbo, M.E., 2015. Galactose metabolism and health.Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition Metabolic Care,18(4), pp.422-427. Ezgu, F., 2016. Chapter Seven-Inborn Errors of Metabolism.Advances in clinical chemistry,73, pp.195-250. Freeze, H.H., 2013. Understanding human psychology disorders: biochemistry leads the charge.Journal of Biological Chemistry,288(10), pp.6936-6945. Freeze, H.H., Chong, J.X., Bamshad, M.J. and Ng, B.G., 2014. Solving glycosylation disorders: fundamental approaches reveal complicated pathways.The American Journal of Human Genetics,94(2), pp.161-175. Jumbo-Lucioni, P.P., Parkinson, W.M., Kopke, D.L. and Broadie, K., 2016. Coordinated movement, neuromuscular synaptogenesis and trans-synaptic signaling defects in Drosophila galactosemia models.Human molecular genetics,25(17), pp.3699-3714. Maratha, A., Stockmann, H., Coss, K.P., Rubio-Gozalbo, M.E., Knerr, I., Fitzgibbon, M., McVeigh, T.P., Foley, P., Moss, C., Colhoun, H.O. and van Erven, B., 2016. Classical galactosaemia: novel insights in IgG N-glycosylation and N-glycan biosynthesis.European Journal of Human Genetics,24(7), pp.976-984. Tegtmeyer, L.C., Rust, S., van management, M., Ng, B.G., Losfeld, M.E., Timal, S., Raymond, K., He, P., Ichikawa, M., Veltman, J. and Huijben, K., 2014. Multiple phenotypes in phosphoglucomutase 1 deficiency.New England Journal of Medicine,370(6), pp.533-542. Timson, D.J., 2016. The molecular basis of galactosemiaPast, present and future.Gene,589(2), pp.133-141.

Revenue Recognition Fraud Essay Example

Revenue Recognition Fraud Essay Revenue Recognition Fraud: Methods and Reason In today’s corporate arena, fraud has taken its seat among the top priorities of those who make policies and set standards. The majority of large-scale fraud is perpetrated by the improper recognition of company revenues and is, in practice, generally simple. Revenue recognition fraud can be carried out by keeping the books open past the end of the accounting period, recording consignment goods as sales, improper bill-and-hold transactions, failure to record offsetting accruals, and many other methods that boost earnings. Internal auditors need to understand the types of revenue recognition fraud and the internal controls that prevent the use of improper techniques. This knowledge will allow them to help management and the board of directors in protecting the reliability of financial reporting. Techniques for Revenue Recognition Fraud Revenue recognition fraud is not always difficult to understand. In many cases it’s rather easy to see once someone points it out. In his article â€Å"Timing is of the Essence,† Joseph T. Wells explains that the most common method of revenue recognition fraud is holding the books open past the end of the accounting period. He states, â€Å"proper accounting cut-off tests prevent most of these problems, but not all,† [Wells 2001]. He goes on to explain that companies can stop time clocks and continue shipping goods until sales targets are met, but competent auditors should notice that something obvious or at least suspicious is happening. Playing with time is not the only way to improperly recognize revenue. Another way to commit revenue recognition fraud is by recording goods on consignment as sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Revenue Recognition Fraud specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Revenue Recognition Fraud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Revenue Recognition Fraud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Consignment goods are those that a party ships to a selling agent. The shipment of these goods to the selling agent should never be recorded as a sale because they are still inventory of the consigning company. This method of revenue recognition fraud is detected by the reversal of sales that must take place in order to correctly record the revenue. Again, auditors should be able to identify these situations and take necessary actions [Wells 2001]. Along with these two methods, bill-and-hold transactions can be used to prematurely recognize revenue. Douglas R. Carmichael, in his article â€Å"Hocus-Pocus Accounting,† says that bill-and-hold scams are â€Å"difficult to audit and have long been associated with incidents of financial fraud,† [Carmichael 1999]. In a bill-and-hold transaction, after the customer says they will purchase goods, the seller bills the customer and holds the goods until the customer requests delivery. Even though this is not a GAAP violation, the SEC does have a checklist stating requirements that a transaction must fulfill in order to recognize the revenue. A method of premature revenue recognition that is a violation of GAAP is the failure to record offsetting accruals. This is a GAAP violation because unless you have completed your services you cannot record the entire amount of revenue [Wells 2001]. There are many organizations that receive payment in advance for services that they have yet to complete. Apartment complexes, magazine companies, and others would benefit in the short run by eliminating the liability and increasing the revenues. The deterrent to this fraud technique therefore is the GAAP rule. These methods of improperly recognizing revenue are illegal, prevented by GAAP, or detectible by auditors. Yet this type of fraud today seems to be more widespread and newsworthy. Why are so many companies failing to meet the standard of business ethics that we are taught in school? Pressure. â€Å"Public companies feel pressure to report quarterly earnings that meet or exceed analysts’ expectations – after all, failure to meet those expectations can hurt companies’ stock prices,† says Carmichael [Carmichael 1999]. Companies determine their success to a great extent by their stock prices, and rightly so. Corporations and industries can rise and fall from the interest or trust of the investing public. This pressure from the public can create potential problems within organizations. The Control Environment’s Effect on Fraudulent Revenue Recognition The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations, COSO, has established the widely accepted definition of internal control. This definition includes an area of internal control labeled the control or internal environment, which has seven components. Each of these components has an effect on every business that is in existence. There are two, however, that, if not taken into consideration, can lead to unethical decisions such as revenue recognition fraud. The first control environment component is commitment to integrity and ethical values, which means that management should strive for a culture that stresses integrity. Also, â€Å"top management should make it clear that honest reports are more important than favorable ones,† [Romney and Steinbart 2003]. If this were truly stressed in organizations, improperly recognizing revenue in order to boost profits would be a problem rarely found. The second and possibly more important component of the control environment is management philosophy and operating style. In an ideal organization this would be the channel through which commitment to integrity would flow. In this component it is stated that â€Å"the more responsible that management’s philosophy and operating style are, the more likely it is that employees will behave responsibly in working to achieve the organization’s objectives,† [Romney and Steinbart 2003]. However, in many instances this is not the case. Pressure from many directions causes a shift or change in management philosophy, and as the weakness in these two areas grows, the potential for revenue recognition fraud increases. Kyle Anne Midkiff gives an example in â€Å"Finding Fraud: Know the Warning Signs and Avoid the Problem,† where â€Å"in a division of a publicly traded company, management created an environment, in which achieving budgeted earnings was of paramount importance and needed to be accomplished at any cost,† [Midkiff 2003]. This philosophy is in striking contradiction to that desired by COSO, and therefore lacking a good control environment. This overwhelming stress on meeting budgeted goals and analyst’s expectations drives managers away from integrity and towards a success only mindset, which can lead to implementing one of the various methods of revenue recognition fraud. Conclusion Since the board of directors depends upon the internal auditors assessments of risks and controls, the internal auditors are crucial to maintaining a reliable financial reporting environment. The forms of revenue recognition fraud are many. Playing with time, recording consignment goods as sales, improper bill-and-hold transactions, and failure to record offsetting accruals are some of the many methods to improperly recognize revenue. These methods in practice are not terribly difficult to understand, and in many cases are limited by statue, policy, or audits. However, as Joseph T. Wells stated, â€Å"even adequate internal controls can be overridden by management,† [Wells 2001]. Therefore, the only way to eliminate revenue recognition fraud, in my opinion, is to change management philosophy to mirror that of COSO’s definition. For this to happen, pressure to meet expectations must not sit atop the pyramid, but instead be replaced by an unrelenting drive to secure the company’s integrity for its employees, shareholders, and customers. Works Cited Carmichael, Douglas R. â€Å"Hocus-Pocus Accounting. † Journal of Accountancy 188. (1999): 59-63. Midkiff, Kyle Anne. â€Å"Finding Fraud: Know the Warning Signs and Avoid the Problem. † The Legal Intelligencer 5 229. 95 (2003) Romney, Marshall B. , and Paul John Steinbart. Accounting Information Systems 9th Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003. Wells, Joseph T. â€Å"Timing is of the Essence† Journal of Accountancy Online Issues (May 2001) http://www. aicpa. org/pubs/jofa/may2001/wells. htm http://www. theiia. org/download. cfm? file=83856

Introduction to Landscape Painting

Introduction to Landscape Painting Landscapes are works of art that feature scenes of nature. This includes mountains, lakes, gardens, rivers, and any scenic view. Landscapes can be oil paintings, watercolors, gauche, pastels, or prints of any kind. Painting the Scenery Derived from the Dutch word landschap, landscape paintings capture the natural world around us. We tend to think of this genre as majestic mountain scenes, gently rolling hills, and still water garden ponds. Yet, landscapes can depict any scenery and feature subjects within them such as buildings, animals, and people. While there is a traditional viewpoint of landscapes, over the years artists have turned to other settings. Cityscapes, for instance, are views of urban areas, seascapes capture the ocean, and  waterscapes feature freshwater such as the work of Monet on the Seine. Landscape as a Format In art, the word landscape has another definition. Landscape format refers to a picture plane that has a width which is greater than its height. Essentially, it is a piece of art in a horizontal rather than a vertical orientation. Landscape in this sense is indeed derived from landscape paintings. The horizontal format is much more conducive to capturing the wide vistas that artists hope to portray in their work. A vertical format, though used for some landscapes, tends to restrict the vantage point of the subject and may not have the same impact. Landscape Painting in History As popular as they may be today, landscapes are relatively new to the art world. Capturing the beauty of the natural world was not a priority in early art when the focus was on spiritual or historical subjects.   It was not until the 17th century that landscape painting began to emerge. Many art historians recognize that it was during this time that scenery became the subject itself and not just an element in the background. This included the work of French painters Claude Lorraine and Nicholas Poussin as well as Dutch artists like Jacob van Ruysdael. Landscape painting ranked fourth in the hierarchy of genres set up by the French Academy. History painting, portraiture, and genre painting were considered more important. The still life genre was considered less important. This new genre of painting took off, and by the 19th century, it had gained widespread popularity. It often romanticized the scenic views and came to dominate the subjects of paintings as artists attempted to capture what was around them for all to see. Landscapes also gave the first (and only) glimpse many people had of foreign lands. When the Impressionists emerged in the mid-1800s, landscapes began to be less realistic and literal. Though collectors will always enjoy realistic landscapes, artists like Monet, Renoir,  and Cezanne demonstrated a new view of the natural world. From there, landscape painting has thrived, and it is now one of the most popular genres among collectors. Artists have taken the landscape to a variety of places with new interpretations and many sticking with tradition. One thing is for sure; the landscape genre now dominates the landscape of the art world.

Integrated Marketing Communication Example

Integrated Marketing Communication Example Integrated Marketing Communication – Article Example Integrated Marketing Communication al Affiliation Integrated Marketing Communication Does the uncertainty over social mediamarketing reflect the expectations of returns for companies or does it show lack of belief in social media?Uncertainty over social media marketing reflects the expectations of companies on return on investment in the sense that when a company invests in social marketing, the management expects that such a move will help the company improve sales by attracting more customers and expanding its market base. Therefore, uncertainty touches on issues such as how much budget and effort to invest on social media and the type of social media to concentrate on (Weinberg & Pehlivan, 2011).Do all types of social media yield similar returns in terms of marketing? If not, what differentiates them and is it important for companies to consider this in social marketing?Not all types of social media yield similar returns in terms of marketing. Different types of social media have different purposes and ways in which customers respond to their use. Technologically, social media platforms differ and so do the rules of use and functionality for example tweeting in twitter can be no more than 10 characters. This means that there is difference with respect to how people use these applications. Therefore, companies must understand how to use blogs, such as wordpress, communities such as HP, Micro-blogs such as twitter and social networks such as facebook because of their different functions. Blogs builds brands and convey product knowledge, communities establish and maintain relations, Micro-Blogs create awareness and recall while social networks influence and track attitudes and beliefs. Therefore, when conducting social marketing, companies must understand the type that best responds to what is being marketed (Weinberg & Pehlivan, 2011).Why do organizations use different approaches to social media marketing?Organizations use three different approaches to social media marketing namely traditional approach, experimental and experimental-discovery approach. The reasons as to why organizations use the three different approaches is because of four different reasons that include marketing plan, marketing budget, marketing channels and consumer issues. A marketing plan that an organization has could not fit into a particular approach. Similarly, marketing channels and budget that an organization has determines the kind of social media or approach to be used. The type of consumers in terms of aspects such as age and environment also determine the approach to be used in social media marketing (Weinberg & Pehlivan, 2011).ReferenceWeinberg, B. D., & Pehlivan, E. (2011). Social spending: Managing the social media mix. Business Horizons, 54(3), 275-282.

TEXTBOOK CJ2012 FAGIN-Select 5 of the following Essay

TEXTBOOK CJ2012 FAGIN-Select 5 of the following - Essay Example Thus, the concept of general deterrence is based on the premise that the fear of punishment will act as a deterrent for people from committing crimes. Besides, deterrence also relies on the idea that the punishment awarded to a person who commits a crime discourages others from committing a crime. On the other hand, specific deterrence, also known as special deterrence focuses on the principle of avoiding recidivism by the criminal. Thus, the punishment awarded for the crime is specific to the person who commits the crime. Specific deterrence further encompasses the tenet that the harsher the punishment is, the lesser is the chance of the offender to recidivate. Thus, the theory of specific deterrence attempts to prevent crimes by inflicting a specific punishment on the offender to remove in the tendency in him or her to commit such offences in the future. This will also serve as a warning to others so that they also will not commit such crimes. Determinate Sentencing and Indetermina te Sentencing The Bureau of Justice Assistance, US Department of Justice, defines determinate sentencing as â€Å"sentences of incarceration in which an offender is given a fixed term that may be reduced by fixed time or earned time† (National Assessment of Structured Sentencing xi). On the other hand, indeterminate sentencing is â€Å"sentences in which an administrative agency, generally a parole board, has the authority to release an offender and determine whether an offender’s parole will be revoked for violations of the conditions of release† (xi). The system of indeterminate sentencing has several inherent problems such as offering discretion to jail authorities and parole officers the time of stay of an offender under the sentence and the length of sentencing tended to depend on individual criminals and not on the crimes. On the other hand, determinate sentencing, a system introduced after the â€Å"sentencing reforms of the late 1970s† replaced th e parole release concept with a â€Å"fixed (flat) sentence that could be reduced by a significant good time provision† (14). Thus, convicts under the determinate system are mandated for a specific period of incarceration as opposed to indeterminate sentencing where they were released on parole. Determinate sentencing relies on just deserts concepts rooted in the â€Å"utilitarian or crime control model† and the length of incarceration depends on the gravity of crime 915). Thus, the concept of determinate sentencing encompasses a mandatory minimum incarceration, depending on the offence committed, whereas indeterminate system involves release of the convict on parole, without having to under a prison sentence. The Difference between Legal Insanity and Incompetence to Stand Trial The criminal justice system takes into the account the mental competency of an offender, at the time of committing a crime, before awarding a punishment to him or her to determine whether the p erson has been mentally competent to understand the consequences of his or her action. Thus, courts reserve the right to declare an offender â€Å"not guilty by reason of insanity if at the time of the offence, because of a mental disease or defect, he or she did not understand the nature, character, and consequence of the act, was unable to distinguish right from wrong† (Warren et al 381). On the other hand, a person can be considered for acquittal on the grounds of his lack of â€Å"

Relations between the Sexes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Relations between the Sexes - Essay Example James Joyce is one of the authors who successfully depicted the relationship between the different sexes in his book titled Dubliners. The book comprises of different short stories, and many of the stories highlight the relationship between men and women in Dublin. In addition, Fritz Lang also depicted the relationship between different sexes in the movie titled Metropolis.   James Joyce authored stories that belong to the Victorian period. Although the book was first published in 1914, James Joyce had been writing most of the stories before that period. Therefore, many of the stories are estimated to have been written in the Victorian period, which spanned between 1840 to early 1900s. During this era, there were distinctive roles for men and women. The Victorian society had societal ideals that defined the relationship between the two sexes. In the story titled â€Å"A Mother†, Joyce tells the story of Miss Devlin, who eventually became Mrs. Kearney after marriage. Joyce introduces us to Mrs. Kearney, who settled down with Mr. Kearney a man older than she was because most of the young men she met did not have the capacity to give her a better life. Joyce depicts her as a perfect Victorian woman in the home setting because she takes care of her homestead, daughters, and husband (Schwarze 2002, p. 67). However, Mrs. Kearney is well educated unlike o ther women of the Victorian era. Joyce introduces the reader to some men in the society who had a lower place than Mrs. Kearney did. From the confusion exhibited by Mr. Holohan, it becomes evident that Mrs. Kearney is more intelligent than him. She is the one who helps him out with organizing his work and determining the right artist for each event. However, Mrs. Kearney respects her husband because she felt secure and protected with him.  Ã‚  

Setting up a business Essay Example for Free

Setting up a business Essay Introduction Tods tyres is a company which deals in fitting new sets of tyres to fleets of cars. Tod has to record the details of each car, and send the owners a letter when the cars are due for new tyres. Previously, this could all be done manually, but the growth of the company has meant there is a need for a more efficient system. The existing system is all manual, with Tod or one of his clerks keeping a book containing all the details of cars he maintains, as well as the addresses of his clients. He writes out a letter on a basic word processor on his home computer, and changes the address manually. A new design is needed to make the company more efficient, as Well as increase the capacity for adding new customers in the future. Ideally, the system should be very easy to use, as Tod himself is not very experienced with computers. Because Tod holds the details of his customers on this computer, it must be protected from unauthorised use. A good way to do this would be to protect either the entire computer or the database with a password Specification of solution The Solution, for it to be a complete success, must be capable of each of the following: 1. It must store each record in a way that it is easily visible, easily compared with similar records, and easily retrievable with a query 2. It has to be protectable with at least a password, to satisfy the requirements of the data protection act. 3. The database itself must be easy and intuitive to use for its users, and must be a stable and reliable program. 4. The data itself must be transferable to a common storage medium, like floppy disks or CDRs, for cheap and compact back-up storage. However, these disks must be kept safe from unauthorised access, as per the data protection acts. 5. The programme must update the file in real-time; e. g. a change to the database at one workstation will register at the others with immediately after. The solution, as a secondary objective, should be relatively cheap and easy to upgrade in the future. For instance, a few spare RAM sockets would be useful, as data flow increases and extra memory is needed. The program developed to solve the problem should be widely compatible with most widely available platforms, so that the records can be viewed on other computers, in case the office computer is inaccessible, so that backups can be used. It is recommended the whole database be backup as often as possible, but every week or so would be sufficient, depending on the rate of data transfer in and out of the database. The new system should also be easy to use and straightforward to operate. This will mean that Tod and the clerks can use the system quickly and easily, and so reduce operating time and shop stress. Therefore, I think a windows 98 system (stable, basic, and needs a modest spec to run) with Access XP or 2000, whichever is cheaper. After a fitting of a tyre is completed, the quantity of the appropriate tyre available is reduced by the appropriate amount, and the last tyre date of the car data table is updated manually. This way we can easily find how many tyres of each type are in stock, and how long each car has before it is due in again. The solution program must be: 1. Easy and intuitive to use 2. Able to operate on a low spec The firm will want to keep the spending on hardware to a minimum. 3. Able to search for records, for quick access to data. 4. Protected by a password + anti-virus software, under the data protection act. 5. Easy to backup: i. Must support floppy disk backups ii. Must be a commonly used format (e. g. must be able to be read on most machines, etc. ) Feasibility study Although the computerised process would save time in the long term, there is the short-term cost of buying and setting up the computer equipment. However, I think this would save the company time and money in the middle/ long term. To keep the firm efficient whilst it expands, computerising the administration system would free up staff time, making the workforce bigger than it needs to be. This computerised system means the firm will not need to employ a secretary or any other manual filing system, until the database grows too large to manage. This is all part of the process of mechanisation, and cant be helped. If the firm expands too much without checks being made on efficiency, a diseconomy of scale may well result. This would increase running costs, and decrease profits over time. In all, I think the middle- and long-term benefits far outweigh the short-term costs. There is the possible problem of Tod having to personally fill in all the records himself, since he is the only one with the knowledge of who gets the 5% discount or not. The system would result in a much better reminder system, so that more customers will potentially come back to the firm. The only cost would be the cost of the computer equipment, and the cost in time and money of maintenance in the future. The system runs basic hardware and common software, so technicians able to deal with the system would be common. Why use a database? Databases are very practical methods of data storage, because they provide a very simple, uncluttered GUI for a novice user, but can prove very powerful tools for searching and the like for the advanced user. This is why I decided not to use Excel; the interface is comparatively complex in relation, and may confuse the first-time user. Also, databases allow for many more types of record to be shown there is the option to publish the results in an individual record card, which Excel cannot do. Excel is not totally useless for this project; Tod might be able to make use of its graph-making and accounting features, especially as the company grows and needs to be more in control of its productivity and expenses. Hardware Specification Required At the moment, we are going for a very cheap, reliable system, because of the low system requirements of the programs involved. Following the recent leaps in processor speed, and the advent of new technology like the Pentium 4 series, you can purchase new Pentium 3/ duron processors at very low prices. Because of rapid increases in new CPU speeds, we can now set up a very competent system very cheaply. RAM has also become cheaper, which is just as well, because were going to need 128 Meg in each machine in order to maintain a good level of stability, and safely clear the minimum requirements of Windows 98. A 128 Meg RAM chip costs about i 20. We wont bother with DDR Ram; SDR is cheaper and has no noticeable downgrade in performance, as well as the added cost of getting a compatible motherboard, since the technology is relatively recent. I would recommend buying the parts from a registered computer fair, rather than a large- scale retailer, because larger shops are only interested in i 700 home systems and upwards. The older parts used in these systems enable a complete computer to be built for under i 180. CPU: 450-mhz p3 Less than i 25 if used. Hard Disk: 10-gig ATA 133 Surpassed, but cheap and plenty of room for OS and database. RAM: 128 MEG, SDR. Motherboard: Old ABIT models have legendary reliability. About i 50 used. Case: Minitower case. Theyre cheap (ish) and save space on the desk. About i 15. Graphics card: Cheap, low-end versions cost about i 10, or some motherboards carry one on-board. For this sort of application, we really have no choice but to use a database/ spreadsheet program, because they have a better capacity to index and sort data by name, price etc. more easily than having each record on paper, for instance, or even entering the information in a word-processing application. For example, its a lot easier to add a record in-between two others, because a Database program like Access will automatically update other fields, like the Autonumber field, for example. Its also a lot easier to move the records down in the first place, because the database program has many spreadsheet features. The screenshot here shows the option clearly visible. However, performing the same operation in word can send records all over the page. Entity Relationship diagram This illustrates the relationships the solution will need to take into account. The relationships should ideally be linked in real time, so that changing the record in one table will automatically update the fields in another table. Database Notation: ACCOUNTS (Customer account ID, No.of cars name, company address ,company postcode, 5% discount? ) CARS (Customer account ID, Car ID, Model name, Reg number, Last tyres date) CURRENT JOBS (Customer account ID, Car ID, Date in, reg number) TYRE STOCKS(Tyre ID, Number left in stock) Data dictionary Car Database Fieldname Type Description Customer ID Number duplicates OK Car ID Autonumber Duplicates not OK Comments Text (256 characters) Allows other car details to be recorded, e. g. year of production Reg Number Text Only accepts new numbers ( ) Tyre type needed Text (P1000 OR P3000 OR P5000 OR P7000). Indicates which tyre type best suits the car Last change date Date/time Should display the date in days, months and years. Example Accounts Database Fieldname Type Description Customer ID Autonumber Must be indexed, duplicates not OK No. of cars Number Preferably looks up quantity of cars listed 5% Discount? Boolean Tick box Customer Name Text Normal Text Customer Address Text Normal Text Customer Postcode Text Normal Text Example Current jobs Database Fieldname Type Description Customer Account Number Number Identifies customer (lookup from customer accounts, duplicates OK) Car ID Number Duplicates not OK.. Date in Date Reg number Text ( ) Lookup from car table, by car ID Tyre type needed Number Must be below that in the tyre stocks field for that particular tyre in the tyre stock table Example Tyre stocks Database Fieldname Type Description Tyre Type ID Autonumber Gives a primary key for lookup functions Manufacturer ID Text P1000, P3000 P5000, P7000 Tyre price Currency Cost of tyre to buy Number of tyres in stock Number Gives tyre stock Reports Invoice report Fieldname Type Description Customer ID Autonumber Lookup from Accounts table. Car ID Number Lookup from car table 5% discount Boolean Lookup from accounts Sub total Currency formula 1 VAT/ other tax formula 2 Total Currency formula 3 Cars due in report Fieldname Type Description Customer ID Number Lookup from Accounts table Car ID Number Lookup from car table Car Reg # Text string   Lookup from car table Last tyres date Date Lookup from car table Queries Name Function qryaccount Inputting an account number allows the user to access that customers history qryRegistration. Inputting a valid registration number will reveal the owner and other details qrytyrestocks Allows the user to enter a tyre type and view details of how many tyres of that type are left in stock, and how much they are sold to the customer for. qryCarsduein Allows the user to enter a date and view details of the cars that are due for new tyres Validation rules. To ensure the smooth running of the database, it is important to ensure that errors are found and corrected by the user. To ensure these errors are detected, the following measures have been implemented. Format checks all dates input into the system must be in the format DD/MM/YYYY. For instance, a date like 02/06/2002 will be accepted, but anything not in this format or a letter will create the following error message The short date criteria means data is only accepted in numerical A similar set of rules apply for the car registration numbers. They must be in the new style European format, or this error box will appear: Range check A date from before 1950 is very unlikely to be valid. Since Tods tyres hasnt been around very long, a rule preventing dates from before 1953 being put in is useful. Query Design. Firstly, we need a query to highlight cars which are due in for new tyres, i. e. those which the last tyres date was over a year ago. To do this, we can set up the following query. Standard letter query Fields displayed = Car ID, Customer address, customer postcode, date due in Criteria for Date due in date() + 365 This query will produce a list of the cars which are due in for new tyres; this list can then be used to set up a mail merger, so that the customers address, postcode and the registration of the car will be inserted into the letter. An example of this letter is attached at the back of the report. An example of this could be given by a car with a last tyres date of 02/05/2001. This would be picked up by the query, and entered into the mail merge letter with the owners address and postcode. Dataflow diagram Level one diagram Why use a database? Databases are very practical methods of data storage, because they provide a very simple, uncluttered GUI for a novice user, but can prove very powerful tools for searching and the like for the advanced user. This is why I decided not to use Excel; the interface is comparatively complex in relation, and may confuse the first-time user. Also, databases allow for many more types of record to be shown there is the option to publish the results in an individual record card, which Excel cannot do. Test plan Test number Description Expected result 1 Security password Only accepts correct password 2 Relationships cross referencing Extending a field in one table will show relevant contents of other tables. 3 Relationships Real-time updating Updating one table will update the other tables correctly 4 Query Searching for Customers by name will provide the desired result 5. Invoice lookup The mail merges produce the correct customer details, car registration number etc 6 Invoice Calculation 5% discount is applied correctly, totals are added up correctly and end result is formatted correctly (e. g. as a currency) 7 Car registration Validation rules An incorrect format for a car registration will be picked up 8 Date validation rules An impossible date for a new car (e. g. 1953) would be picked up on. 9 Switchboard functionality Changing the amount of tyres left in the switchboard should update the tyre stocks table. 10 Tyre usage rule The current jobs table wont accept more than 5 tyres being fitted at a time. Testing report 1. On opening the database, the user is asked for a password before the database will open. If the password specified is incorrect, the database will refuse access: 2. Extending an entry in the accounts field can display data for the cars owned by a particular account holder: 3. Updating the last tyres date in the table above has updated the data in the original table, so that one table can be used to change or update another: 4. Searching for Cross, the name of one of the customers, brings up the file for Mr. Cross account. 5. The mail merge correctly inserts Elliot Cross Name, Address and Postcode successfully into the table 6. The mail merge also inserts a final paragraph, dependant on whether the account holder is entitled to a 5% discount. 6. An invalid car registration number is picked up by the validation rule 7. The validation rule stops the user from inputting a very suspectable value, a date before 1953 for a new car 8. Using the switchboard to increase tyre stocks (e. g.following a delivery of fresh tyres) automatically updates the tyre stocks table. The table is updated successfully, which suggests the switchboard has allowed for real-time editing of the database 9. Because of the following validation rules in the tyres used field: Putting in a value greater than 5 or lower than 1 produces the following error message: Evaluation The system has left Tod with a powerful database of stock and account details. This has completely computerised the system, making it more efficient and productive. This has meant addresses are accessible at the touch of a button, saving time. The added increase in staff morale has made the firm more efficient, as happier workers are more productive. This increased efficiency will save the firm money in the short run. This means extra profit for the firm. However, improvements could still be made in the future, including these points: 1. Connecting the system to the internet, allowing Tod to simply email reminders to interested clients. This would make the entire system more reliable and efficient, since labour costs are reduced by eliminating the need for a clerk to put the letters in envelopes, etc. It also reduces the possibility for human error, as long as the details are correctly input in the first place. 2. Upgrading the computer to make the system more stable. More RAM in future upgrades may prove particularly useful. Also, over time the company may wish to transfer the details into a bespoke system. This would maximise processing power, since RAM is being dedicated only to the basic functions of the database, and not unnecessary functions such as a windows shell. Also, it would reduce the possibility of time being wasted by employees on unrelated applications, like games on the computer. Tom ONeill Page 2 07/05/07.

Michael Polanyi and Lucian Blaga as Philosophers of Knowledge :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Michael Polanyi and Lucian Blaga as Philosophers of Knowledge ABSTRACT: Polanyi and Blaga are two centennial philosophers who could be compared. They both are philosophers who have abandoned the attempt to analyze science as the form of culture capable of complete objectivity and the language solely in terms of its referential force, to make representational knowledge impersonal and to split fact from value. 1. Polanyi's epistemology Polanyi and Blaga are two centennial philosophers who could be put into comparison. Both are philosophers who have abandoned the attempt to analyze science as the form of culture capable of complete objectivity, to analyze language solely in terms of its referential force, and to make representational knowledge impersonal and to split fact from value. Michael Polanyi affirms the irreducible involvement of personal commitment in the perception and understanding of transpersonal reality. He is against the representational expressivist theory of language. According to his theory all assertion of fact expresses beliefs, and are essentially accompanied by feelings of satisfaction or of desire. The act of knowing includes an appraisal, a personal coefficient that shapes all factual knowledge. Polanyi emphasizes the role of the activity of the knower in the formation of knowledge and also is aware of their variability while insisting that we aim at truth 'with universal intent' 'although we can never quite get there'. His book Personal Knowledge should help to restore science to its rightful place in an integrated culture as part of the whole person's continuing endeavor to make sense of the totality of his experience. 'True' means something different in different societies. The critical period of Western philosophy, opened by Descartes and brought to its coming to an end, and the post-critical era is emerging. Michael Polanyi, it appears to me, is the most important philosophical figure opening up this new direction and delineating its basic elements. Regarding the critical pretensions to have found a way, either through philosophical rationality or by means of scientific method, to a universal perspective, Polanyi points out that thinkers of the critical period have pursued 'a mistaken ideal of objectivity'. Thus, when we claim greater objectivity for Copernican theory, we do imply that its excellence is, not a matter of personal taste on our part, but an inherent quality deserving universal acceptance by rational creatures. We abandon the cruder anthropocentrism of our senses, but only favor of a more ambitious anthropocentrism of our reason (PK p. Michael Polanyi and Lucian Blaga as Philosophers of Knowledge :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays Michael Polanyi and Lucian Blaga as Philosophers of Knowledge ABSTRACT: Polanyi and Blaga are two centennial philosophers who could be compared. They both are philosophers who have abandoned the attempt to analyze science as the form of culture capable of complete objectivity and the language solely in terms of its referential force, to make representational knowledge impersonal and to split fact from value. 1. Polanyi's epistemology Polanyi and Blaga are two centennial philosophers who could be put into comparison. Both are philosophers who have abandoned the attempt to analyze science as the form of culture capable of complete objectivity, to analyze language solely in terms of its referential force, and to make representational knowledge impersonal and to split fact from value. Michael Polanyi affirms the irreducible involvement of personal commitment in the perception and understanding of transpersonal reality. He is against the representational expressivist theory of language. According to his theory all assertion of fact expresses beliefs, and are essentially accompanied by feelings of satisfaction or of desire. The act of knowing includes an appraisal, a personal coefficient that shapes all factual knowledge. Polanyi emphasizes the role of the activity of the knower in the formation of knowledge and also is aware of their variability while insisting that we aim at truth 'with universal intent' 'although we can never quite get there'. His book Personal Knowledge should help to restore science to its rightful place in an integrated culture as part of the whole person's continuing endeavor to make sense of the totality of his experience. 'True' means something different in different societies. The critical period of Western philosophy, opened by Descartes and brought to its coming to an end, and the post-critical era is emerging. Michael Polanyi, it appears to me, is the most important philosophical figure opening up this new direction and delineating its basic elements. Regarding the critical pretensions to have found a way, either through philosophical rationality or by means of scientific method, to a universal perspective, Polanyi points out that thinkers of the critical period have pursued 'a mistaken ideal of objectivity'. Thus, when we claim greater objectivity for Copernican theory, we do imply that its excellence is, not a matter of personal taste on our part, but an inherent quality deserving universal acceptance by rational creatures. We abandon the cruder anthropocentrism of our senses, but only favor of a more ambitious anthropocentrism of our reason (PK p.

Alternative solutions for internet censorship in Australia Essay

This report was commissioned to elaborate other alternative methods that can be used to monitor internet information in Australia without incorporating internet filtration as the Australian government proposes. The future of Australian children has been compromised by the immoral vices that the use of the internet perpetuates. Moreover, organizations, customers and innovators have also suffered from this paradigm which advocates for phishing, on-line identity theft and piracy among others. Therefore, the report advocates for the use of technology, political power, moral ethics and civil libertarians. These methods are not liable to scrutiny and criticism as they do not impede the first amendment bill of the constitution which advocates for freedom of expression among other concerns explained in the report. Furthermore, the report evaluates this range of methods and concludes that it would be ideal to implement the technology method. Introduction Advancement in technology has increased the reliance of internet as a means of entertainment and education source. It has also encompassed the education curriculum, social, economic and political activities creating both a positive and a negative impact. We have been able to succeed and are actually grateful because most of the information and technological know how can be retrieved with ease. However, our children and business enterprises have been adversely affected by the increased internet sexual harassment, privacy invasion, cyber-bullying, on-line identity theft, piracy and phishing just to mention a few in the unending list. In the event our children have developed aggressive attitudes which advocates for delinquent behaviours. On the other hand children that have experienced internet sexual harassment and bullying among others become depressed and thus are cut out from social life and its benefits. This explains the increased rates of teenage suicidal attempts in Australia (Australian Government 2007). Therefore, the government has taken a further step in an attempt of curbing this predicament by introducing mandatory internet filtration to all internet services at home, in schools and public computers used by he Australian children. The government also plans to prepare the Australian children on strategies of being responsible cyber-citizens, protecting their identity while on-line, understanding the impact of their actions on others while using the internet, responding to cyber-bulling and invasion of their privacy among other negative internet vices. To achieve this the government plans to launch education curriculum that provides first rate cyber-safety education programs and educate parents on the negative vices prevailed by the internet thus ensuring their children use the internet responsibly. Furthermore, the government plans to use the blacklist formulated by the Australia Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) to ensure harmful information is not availed to the children, establish a Youth Advisory Group (YAG) to easily access information affecting children on-line and to do further research on cyber- safety issues in Australia among others (Australian Government 2007). This initiative has been met with mixed reactions as some citizens support the idea while others reject the move critically analysing it. Critics view the move as a lash to the development and welfare of the citizens in terms of internet use because internet censorship will reduce the speed of the internet, the initiative is not effective because people will still be able to access the prohibited information through the use of proxy services and web services just to mention a few. The initiative will also violate the first amendment bill which advocates for freedom of expression. The country will waste a huge sum of its capital through the implementation of this impractical solution because approximately USD 22billion of tax payers’ money will be used to implement this initiative. Furthermore, the criteria that will be used to determine the appropriate age to use the internet, the appropriateness of information on the internet and determining a comprehensive blacklist are in question. Therefore, to anal the dilemma the government is facing this report will elaborate on alternative methods of internet censorship other than internet filtration that can be used (Harvey 2009b). Alternative solutions To end the conflicts that have arisen because of the proposal of incorporating compulsory Internet Service provider (ISP) filtering in the country the government should implement other alternatives such as use of technology, political power, moral ethics and civil libertarian to implement internet censorship as outlined below. Technology The government can utilize the available technology to help implement their strategies on internet censorship rather than using internet filtration. It can establish websites that teach and warn adults and children on the dangers prevailed by the internet and how to avoid them. Alternatively it can take the initiative of funding such programs that have already being established. This method will be effective as the probability of people using the internet to access such information is high. The method is also cost effective as such initiatives have been implemented in other countries for example USA and proved to be efficient. Also the government will easily be able to avail on-line safety rules to the vicinity of children such as using passwords, meeting people met through the internet with the consent or accompaniment of parents and avoiding giving out personal information. For instance the Business Software Alliance (BSA) has enable to alert and educate e-tailers and customers on the dangers of internet such as auction site frauds, counterfeiting, identity theft and phishing among others and effective ways of preventing being victims of the above vices. BSA has established a website were they offer their learning and safe guarding tips by displaying stories from victims and tips of avoiding such incidents (Lindroth 2008). Moreover, programs that allow parents to personally regulate internet information availed to their children should be used. This will prevent the government from formulating legislations that violated constitutional rights such as freedom of speech and expression. It will also allow the development of this technology thus benefiting the country and improving the welfare of the population at large. For example US citizens have been able to enjoy the benefits of using glubble a Firefox browser plug-in that has enabled parents to create a safe browsing environment for their kids. The technology is easy to use, fast to install, helps parents to manipulate internet information at the vicinity of their children and enable their children to have the appropriate on-line experience. Furthermore, it does not limit internet information that is important to adults but harmful to children such as family planning tips. Therefore, the government should capitalize on such mechanisms by offering their support either politically or economically (Gary 2009). Political power The government is politically empowered thus has the power to control legislations and policies that regulate this country. Therefore, it should use this opportunity to formulate policies that will enable attainment of cyber-security without contradicting on legislations that had been previously formulated. For instance use of plug-ins and programs that will allow parents and public utilities where children are predominate users of the internet will increase intellectual property infringement therefore, legislations that will protect owners innovation should be stipulated allowing effective use of trade marks, patents and copyright laws among others thus expand the rights of these intellectual property holders. This will encourage innovators thus increase the variety of the advanced technology to consumers. Furthermore, it will increase the competitive nature of the economy of Australia both locally and in the world market. The government should also stipulate mechanisms that will take stern action against culprits who are caught perpetuating cyber-bulling, internet sexual harassment and stealing peoples’ identity. The government should also avail easy mechanisms for reporting vices that curb cyber-safety. This will serve as a warning to prospective culprits and thus decrease the number of such incidents. Also children will grow up morally as they will avoid practising such vices because this initiative will effectively tame them. Victims of such vices, parents, and children will willingly surrender information concerning such culprits to the relevant authority because of the assurance that effective action will be taken (Harvey 2009a). Moral ethics Most of the activities and information in the internet are morally wrong as they violate ethics and human norms. Therefore, another mechanism that can be used to increase cyber-safety is educating and guiding the population and children in particular on moral vices that can be adopted, thus enabling the adherence and respect of business, religious, social and moral ethics. For example more incidents of school children participating in social networking sites that perpetuate immoral behaviour such as pornography and prostitution are evident therefore, learning institutions should formulate policies that will effectively deal with school children that participate in such incidents and break school rules. Parents on the other hand should develop engaging relationships with their children to be able to further instil the moral principles that they learn and adopt from their school environment. Therefore, the school administration should work hand in hand with the government to clearly outline guidelines that will discipline students in regards to information availed and collected from the internet. The collation that will be formed will also help parents and the general Australian population to access such guidelines thus further perpetuate adherence to moral ethics and human norms (Madson 2005). It is quite evident that teachers nowadays use social networking sites for education purposes. Therefore, teachers should ensure that they effectively elaborate to their students how they intend to communicate to them and the necessary instructions that they should follow when logged into such sites to prevent them from accessing information that is not related to education and perpetuates immorality. Alternatively the school administration should establish websites which should be regularly monitored where teachers and students can communicate. Moreover, the learning institutions should implement educative programs that will educate the students on issues related to on-line- safety and the responsible ways of using Facebook and MySpace among others. Furthermore, policies that will effectively deal with students that perpetuate and practice cyber-bullying should be enacted. This responsibility should not only be left to the school administration and the government, other bodies such as religious institutions, public conferences and gatherings, activists and ethicist should also advocate for the adherence of moral ethics and human norms through the use of mechanisms such as safety conversation (McMahon 2008). Civil libertarian The government should also not ignore the role played by civil libertarians rather they should work hand in hand with them. This will further help them to ensure cyber-safety in Australia is emanated and thus protect the innocence and rights of children. This is because civil libertarians fight for the rights and respect of computer and network users by encouraging those involved to register with them thus regulates their activities. Therefore when formulating new legislations or changing those that already exists the government should engage such organizations thus the policies that will be formulated will be at the best interest of all stakeholders. For instance the Electronic Frontier Foundation in US provides legal assistance to companies or organizations that have out rightly been denied their constitutional rights by implementation of impractical legislations. In the event the organization promotes the US laws and allows efficient incorporation of advanced technology into the country. However, it indirectly regulates the information in the internet by offering legal support to organizations that avail useful information which is not harmful to the social being and economic welfare of the community and the country. Therefore, Australia should implement this example and follow suit as cyber-security will be enhanced while protecting and respecting the constitutional and human rights of its citizens (Swidorski 2003). Conclusion From the above facts it is quite clear that all the above principles should be implemented to effectively implement internet censorship. Each principle covers a specific area of enhancing cyber-safety in the country and among the citizens. The role that the government and politicians in general can play in the attempt of protecting Australian children from internet immoral vices without developing conflicts is outlined. However, the government also needs to work hand in hand with the school administration, teachers, parents and civil libertarians to efficiently enhance on-line security and educate Australian children on mechanisms of being responsible cyber-citizens. Also as we aim to be a world class country we will have to incorporate more sophisticated technology which is mainly attained from the reliance of the internet therefore, this subject should be researched regularly to enable formulation of policies that are relevant to the current technology in the country. In the event the country will be able to attain the technology without restrictions that may curb its development. Therefore, from my own opinion it is ideal for the government to implement the technology method which will go hand in hand with the development objective of the country because it will be cheaper to incorporate, it will be easier to regulate internet information at the disclosure of children while still gaining access to information that will help in improving the welfare of the community and country at large and human rights will not be violated as a result of internet censorship which I do not support. Word Count: 2189 List of references Australian Government (2007), Attitudes and behaviour of young people on-line, Research Summary. Available at [Accessed on 28th, May, 2009]. Gary, J. (2009), â€Å"Short range plug-ins work best in US,† Automotive Engineer, 34(3), p. 49. Harvey, S. (2009a), Australian internet censorship in practice, Available at [Accessed on 28th, May, 2009] Harvey, S. (2009b), Issues with re-establishing identity after natural disasters, Available at < http://www. pingudownunder. com/blog/index. php> [Accessed on 28th, May, 2009] Lindroth, L. (2008), â€Å"How to improve on-line safety,† Teaching Pre K-8, 28(7), p20. Madson, W. (2005), Internet censorship, Available at [Accessed on 28th, May, 2009] McMahon, F. (2008), â€Å"Smooth operator,† Digital Content Producer, 34(11), pp. 30-33. Swidorski, C. (2003), â€Å"Political science, the Labour Movement, and the struggle for freedom of expression,† New Political Science, 22(3), pp. 319-340.

Opposites Attract

Opposites attract, similar to how magnets are drawn to each other. This tragic love story sheds light on Romeo and Juliet, a pair of star-crossed lovers. The play Romeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespeare, features a love story between the two main characters, Romeo and Juliet and takes place in Verona, Italy. There are two rival families, the Capulets and the Montagues, and Juliet and Romeo are the â€Å"star-crossed lovers† from the two opposing families. In Act II Scene II, Romeo is talking to Juliet on the balcony immediately after they meet.Here, Shakespeare reveals Romeo’s and Juliet’s personalities in the scene. Shakespeare reveals a passionate and impulsive side to Romeo, while on the other hand, reveals a hesitant and cautious side to Juliet. Shakespeare reveals that Romeo has a passionate, as well as impulsive love for Juliet. In the balcony scene he says to Juliet, â€Å"My life were better ended by their hate, than death prorogued, wanting of thy love. †(82) This suggests that Romeo is saying that he would choose death over Juliet not loving him, and reveals his fervent love for Juliet.Also, he boldly states, â€Å"Therefore thy kinsmen are no stop to me. †(72) He declares this because he is so deeply in love with her. He has the courage to say this even when he knows that Juliet’s relatives want to kill him because he is a Montague. Romeo’s impulsive behavior is suggested when he asks, â€Å"Th’ exchange of thy love’s faithful vow for mine†(134). Even though Romeo had just met Juliet that night, he proposes that they get married, which reveals that he is impetuous. Romeo is characterized as passionate but impulsive, which leads him rushing into decisions, and ultimately his death.Juliet is shown to be hesitant and cautious because is mature beyond her age. She is cautious about Romeo’s love for her, almost skeptical of it, because she says to him, â€Å"And if thou dost love, pronounce it faithfully† (99). This shows that she wants to be reassured that he truly loves her. When Romeo proposes for them to marry, she responds â€Å"It is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden† (125) which shows that Juliet thinks that they should be careful, because she believes their love is developing too quickly.She then compares their love to what it could be, â€Å"Too like the lightning, which doth cease to be† which means that like lightning, their love can disappear as fast as it appeared. She is worried that this will happen to them as well. Her cautious and hesitant behavior balances out Romeo’s character and actions. Shakespeare suggests that Romeo and Juliet are very different in character. Romeo is quick to act, while Juliet takes her time and thinks of the possible outcomes. Their personalities create a perfect balance.Although they complete each others’ personalities, their young and sudden love is like the always ch anging and tumultuous ocean. The two lovers should not rush into their love because their love for each other, as Juliet says â€Å"Follow thee my lord throughout the world†, foreshadows that Juliet will ultimately follow Romeo into death because of their love. Love holds the power to make people do extraordinary things but sometimes may lead to irreversible consequences, such as death.

buy custom The Human Epidermal Growth essay

buy custom The Human Epidermal Growth essay According to Slamon et al783 epidermal growth factor receptor that is present in human is a member the trans-membrane growth factor receptor. In the biology language it is encoded as HER2/neu. It is evident that in the United States alone about 25% to 30% of the breast cancers that are diagnosed, HER2 is highly present in these cases. These patients with the over-expressed HER2 exhibited an aggressive form of cancer that limits their level of survival. This is because the HER2 cells play a direct role in maraud the body along the pathogenic malignant cells that cause cancers. These revelations of the HER2 symbiotic relationship with the pathogenic cancerous cells provided researchers with the opportunity to investigate on a safe therapeutic agent that could be induced in the patients to offer alterations to this relationship between the HER2 and the cancerous cells. Research findings discovered that monoclonal antibodies that are produced in the body inhibit the growth of the HER2 cells that aid in over-expressing the malignant cancer cells. Therefore, these monoclonal cells could be used against them (Slamon et al784). These anti-HER2 monoclonal cells, popularly known as the rhuMAb HER2 were produced from the cloned human IgG framework and engineered towards ensuring that they were safe when used in cancer patients with the over-expressing HER2 cancer aiding cells. In order that the medical practitioners could be sure that the use of anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies could be clinically safe, test were undertaken on two trials. The first trial entailed the incorporation rhuMAb HER2 combined with chemotherapy in the patients and the second trial was based in chemotherapy alone. This research main objective was to find out the response rate and clinical safety of using the rhuMAb HER2 antibodies in treating the patients. After thorough scrutiny, the research concluded that the first trial as a form of treating was safe. Buy custom The Human Epidermal Growth essay

Abrahamic, East Asian and South Asian Religions and Concept of Religious Tolerance

Abrahamic, East Asian and South Asian Religions and Concept of Religious Tolerance While there is no particular unequivocal commandment in the holy books that states ‘thou shall not permit intolerance’, it is without doubt that religious tolerance on values, truth and beliefs is yet to be realized since it is the nature of religions to compete. Studies indicate that the capacity religions have been massively affected by competition, religious condemnations and conflicts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Abrahamic, East Asian and South Asian Religions and Concept of Religious Tolerance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Carlos argues that religious tolerance is an important component that encompasses a moral reason by a particular religion to practice restraint from making counterproductive utterances or interfering with the affairs of other religions (777). Different religions have diverse sets of beliefs and practices. This has bred lack of tolerance. It is from this consideration that t his paper provides an in-depth analysis of Abrahamic, East Asian and South Asian religions with regards to the concept of religious tolerance. A brief analysis of the concept of religious tolerance Perhaps, Costa was correct when he indicated that a society will never be successful until it addresses fully the problem of religious tolerance among different religions (322). Religious differences in terms of practices and beliefs have been major causes of conflicts and religious disagreements in countries like Bosnia, Beirut and Belfast for many years. Of critical importance is the distressing issue of terrorism by Al Qaeda that has projected wars on a global scale. It is indeed true that religious tolerance and the problem of religious diversity present a major danger to individuals, societies and the world at large. This springs from certain religions which view themselves as better and more advanced than others (323). Owing to this peculiar alignment, these religions develop specif ic standards that are mostly used to define them from others and use it as the main platform for judging others. At this point, analysts tend to wonder why a religious group would disregard others and holistically undermine the need for diversity. Theologians and philosophers almost unanimously agree that religious diversity and tolerance present a challenging problem that poses epistemological challenges. The major world religions such as Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism have different belief systems which make them unique. This presents major challenges as addressed below.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Abrahamitic religions Abrahanmic religions as Neal posits is a group of monotheistic faith whose beginning can be traced from Abraham and which emphasizes spiritual practices of Abraham (497). Some of the Abrahamic religions include Islam, Chris tianity and Judaism. The latter believe that religious practices and beliefs sprang from Abraham’s grandson named Jacob. It views God in a strictly unitary manner and prefers the Hebrew Bible. On the other hand, Christianity evolved into a religion from Judaism with its own set of practices and beliefs. Christianity as a religion is considered to be a belief system based on the life and teachings of Jesus. These teachings found in the Bible show God’s saving plan for humanity through Jesus Christ. In this belief system, Christians are also made to believe that demons and angels exist and that they (Christians) are partners with God in accomplishing God’s purposes. Finally, Islam is a religion which as formed in the 7th century BC in Arabia (Carlos 777). Its adherents who are the Muslims, believe in the ultimate authority, teachings and practices of the Quran ad Muhammad. While Abrahamic religions share certain similarities like monotheistic believes and a regard of God as the supreme source of moral law, it is without uncertainty that they exhibit different fundamental doctrines, beliefs and practices through which they can mobilize philosophical arguments. For instance, Christian practices and beliefs such as mystical virtuosi and mundane experiences differ with that of Islam which does not believe in the Holy Spirit, a consideration which each religion justifies from its source of moral law. Besides, Christian practices of forced conversion such as those practiced by the Roman Catholic Church goes against the practices of other religions and do not only offend human dignity, but also pollute the religion (Schmidt-Leukel 379). Muslims believe in proselytizing their religion and forcefully spread it to an extent of killing those who reject their faith through holy wars (Husin, Malek and Gapor 113). Judaism unlike Christianity rejects explicit missionaries and believes that righteousness comes from adhering to Noahide laws (Husin, Malek and Gapor 113).These differences among others present vexing challenges to tolerance and pitch one religion as an unvanquished rival to the rest.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Abrahamic, East Asian and South Asian Religions and Concept of Religious Tolerance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More East Asian and South Asian religions East Asian religions are a group of religions considered to be distinct religions families forming the subset of Eastern religions. Some of the religions in this group as indicated by Schmidt-Leukel include Chinese, Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, Chongdogyo, Chen Tao, Shinto, Caodaism and Taoism (379). It is imperative to point out that their philosophies, practices and concepts are based on Tao. Studies reveal that while the East Asian Religious practices differ with those of major religious groups, they bear some semblance with those of the Indian religions and Abrahamic religions. Even so, Costa argues that this does not mean that members of the Abrahamic religion tolerate East Asian religions as they exhibit major peculiarities (323). One of them is their non-theistic or polytheistic nature with other varieties like agnostic, panestheistic and henostheistic in Asia and abroad. While most of the East Asian religions find their tolerance of each other on Tao, other religions find it difficult to embrace and tolerate their practice such as emptiness, relativism and spontaneity in Taoism and belief in animistic spirits in Confucianism. On the other hand, South Asian religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism have been considered by many analysts as dynamic and vibrant religious faith in the world today due to the fusion of non-Verdict Shramana traditions of native south Asia with the verdict religion of Indo-Aryan. An analysis of religious tolerance The ability of religions or adherents of different religions to display tolerance despite their diversity in practices and be liefs is one of the key platforms towards greater cooperation, adherence, holistic contribution by all and eventual growth and development of a society. Minimizing religious conflicts has been considered by Quinn as a main principle that could facilitate a new outline towards a highly united society at the local and national level (136). In agreement, Quinn’s indication that addressing problems affecting religious tolerance requires a holistic involvement at all levels in world religions appears to cohere with that of Schmidt-Leukel who indicates that it is the dark cloud of religious wars that has over the years suppressed the ability of the individuals and the society to progress (379).Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One such difference as already indicated in the paper is the practice by Christians of forceful conversion and the Jihad of Muslims or their forceful spread of Islamic beliefs. However, analysts appear divided over the actual methods that could be employed in addressing the problem. Up to date, most religions that do not share beliefs and practices have failed to tolerate each other and instead referred to others as alien and their practices as ridiculous. Take for instance the perspective held by Christian that they are the religion that is closer to the truth than others (Husin, Malek and Gapor 113). This not only creates the notion of competition and pride, but sets other religions as inferior. The Muslims on the other hand, are persuaded by their belief to slay unbelievers through acts of war, a consideration that makes other religions to recoil with horror. This has led to religious discrimination mostly witnesses between Christians and Muslims. As if that is not enough, Quinn pillories that the trial to infer balance and tolerance between one religion and another has remained a hard nut to crack (137). However, it is the resilience of wars between religious facts that has remained a thorn in the fresh for long. In the Middle East, Husin, Malek and Gapor indicate that both Muslims and Christian consider themselves be superior and therefore invoke major conflicts in the region (112). Further on religion, Quinn accuses the followers advocating water while they take wine by failing to adhere to doctrines of brotherliness and care for others as advocated for by Christ, Gautama and Mohammed in Islam (139). Conclusions From the discussion, it is clear that different religions have various practices and beliefs that govern them. These differences have largely contributed towards the challenge of religious tolerance since each religion seems to idealize its practice and regard others as inferior. There is need for religions to desist from condemning and criticizi ng practices and belief systems held by others. Instead, there is need to cultivate respect, understanding and tolerance. Carlos, Valderrama Adrians. Tolerance and religious freedom: the struggle in Peru to tolerate multiple cultures in light of principles of religious freedom. Brigham Young University Law Review 2007.3 (2007): 775-790. Print. Costa, Gustavo. John Locke, Toleration and early enlightenment culture: religious intolerance and arguments for religious tolerance in early modern and ‘early enlightenment’ Europe. Renaissance Quarterly 60.1 (2007): 322-3223. Print. Husin Azrina, Nor Malina Malek and Salfarina, Abdul Gapor. Cultural and religious tolerance and acceptance in urban housing: a study of multi-ethnic Malaysia. Asian Social Science 8.2 (2012): 112-118. Print. Neal, Lynn. The first prejudice: religious tolerance and intolerance in early America. Journal of Church and State 53.3 (2011): 497-499. Print. Quinn, Philip L. On religious diversity tolerance. Daedalus 134.1 (2005): 136-139. Print. Schmidt-Leukel, Perry. Beyond tolerance: towards a new step in inter-religious relationships. Scottish Journal of Theology 55.4 (2002): 379-391. Print.